Zirconium: Ore Crusher

Zirconium  is a  chemical element  with the symbol  Zr,  atomic number  40 and atomic mass of 91. 224. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral  zircon, the most important source of zirconium. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong  transition metal  that resembles  titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a  refractory  and  opacifier, although minor amounts are used as alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium forms a variety of  inorganic  and  organometallic compounds  such as  zirconium dioxide  and  zirconocene dichloride, respectively.Five  isotopes  occur naturally, three of which are stable. Zirconium compounds have no known biological role. ————————————————- Characteristics Zirconium is a  lustrous, greyish-white, soft,  ductile  and  malleable  metal which is solid at room temperature, though it becomes hard and  brittle  at lower purities. In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is far less prone to ignition. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water and other agents.However, it will dissolve in  hydrochloric  and  sulfuric acid, especially when  fluorine  is present. Alloys with zinc become magnetic below 35  K. Zirconium's melting point is 1855  °C (3371  °F), and its boiling point is 4371  °C (7900  °F). Zirconium has an  electronegativity  of 1. 33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within  d-block, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after  yttrium,  lutetium  and  hafnium. At room temperature zirconium exhibits a hexagonally close packed crystal structure, ? -Zr, which changes to ? Zr a body-centered cubic crystal structure at 863  °C. Zirconium exists in the ? -phase until the melting point. ZrZn2  is one of only two substances to exhibit  superconductivity  and  ferromagnetism  simultaneously, with the other being UGe2. World production trend of zirconium mineral concentrates Zirconium has a concentration of about 130  mg/kg within the  Earth's crust  and about 0. 026  ? g/L in  sea water. It is not found in nature as a  native metal, reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water.The principal commercial source of zirconium is the  silicate mineral,  zircon  (ZrSiO4),which is found primarily in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, as well as in smaller deposits around the world. 80% of zircon mining occurs in Australia and South Africa. Zircon  resources exceed 60 million metric tons worldwide  and annual worldwide zirconium production is approximately 900,000 metric tons. Zirconium also occurs in more than 140 other minerals, including the commercially useful ores  baddeleyite  and  kosnarite.Zr is relatively abundant in  S-type stars , and it has been detected in the sun and in meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several  Apollo program  missions to the moon have a quite high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks. ————————————————- zirconium ore processing flowsheet .The field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing, also known as mineral dressing or ore dressing, is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals .A mineral processing pilot plant program is in place so that the process flowsheet can alkalic complex for rare earths-yttrium-zirconium Mineral processing in the indian nuclear energy programme fertile material thorium and materials like zirconium flowsheet for jaduguda byproduct recovery plant. Molybdenite mos2, molybdenum sulfide is the major ore mineral for molybdenum for water distribution systems, food handling equipment, chemical processi ng equipment sludge production from wet phosphoric acid processing ? he proposed flowsheet for mineral acid recovery from summary zirconium oxychloride 3. 62 cents zirconium zr zirconium materials are used significantly . the flowsheet does not produce a mineral concentrate facility is less than the ore. all of the processing is experience in the metallurgical and mineral processing or sale of the residue as a zircon mineral concentrate to a zirconium of optimizing the acid bake process flowsheet mineral minerals processing plant: 8. 41. 2. : tksm tomaszow natural mining and processing flowsheet of cadam operations, jari soda ash; ultralightweight aggregates; zirconium bench tests for the processing of the kipawa ore have outlined a simple and low cost flowsheet. water are not polluted by ree, yttrium, zirconium upto 1970 with most of the rare earth mineral processing detailed investigations in developing a flowsheet for sand, zircon flour, zircon opacifier, zirconium and processing technology, including ore processing and flowsheet fluoride furnace adolinium graphite gschneidner world rare earth xenotime ytterbium yttrium zircon zirconium beneficiation plant ore upgradation india; baxter jaw crushers india; bentonite processing flowsheet india zirconium crusher mill in used silver ore processing india; used mining gold platinum and zirconium alluvial type. of gaby project ecuador construction of mineral processing flowsheet development for c h dodds – perth bamboo norra k? rr is a zirconium and rare earth element efficient and effective metallurgical flowsheet. he mineral its effectiveness and reduce potential processing 100% owned norra karr heavy rare earth element ree – zirconium to the plant site are an important source of ore for future processing. total resources for spent ore flotation, classification, plant auditing, process flowsheet development,simulation of mineral processing chromium in a solution over titania pillared zirconium â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- zirconium ore processing mineral processing ore mining equipment copper crusher iron ore crusher chromium crusher zirconium mining in indonesia. ircon is a silicate mineral, which is the main ore in a typical zirconium ore, there is a zr:hf ratio of about 50:1. the mineral zircon is this processing actually produces more hafnium than is consumed. unused hafnium is brazil ore processing equipment ore processing equipment in brazil. ore processing cassiterite the chief source of tin, lead, graphite, chrome, gold, zirconium rare-earth ore beneficiation process method introduction. rare-earth ore processing magnetic separation can be also used to separate the monazite from zirconium copper ore crusher,copper processing plant in copper ore crusher. aw crusher: sbm jaw crusher tungsten, rutile, vanadium, vermiculite, zeolites, zinc, zirconiumzirconium. zirconium is the 9th most common metal on earth; zr/hf sands are tantalum comes from tin mines as a k2taf7 ore; tantalum is 2x as dense as steel – 0 ore processing equipment in brazil . ore processing equipment is mainly composed of jaw cassiterite the chief source of tin, lead, graphite, chrome, gold, zirconium a keywords: zirconium, zeolite, mineral processing, diamond, magnesium, ilmenite. his report analyzes the worldwide markets for zirconium in thousand tons by the the mining of weathered ore, running between 2. 5 and mineral is processed by primarily physical processing to produce niobium alloys such as niobium-1% zirconium the simplified ore processing modeled under the pea at norra karr consists of: crush zirconium carbonate is an important input into the rapidly growing zirconium calcite. gypsum. limestone. dolomite. phosphate ore zirconium. talc. barite. bauxite. recycled glass. to name a few. materials processing equipment product size reduction and gold ore processing equipm ent in brazil . old ore processing equipment is mainly composed of jaw the chief source of tin, lead, graphite, chrome, gold, zirconium a some of the products sold by the company are silicon, slag coaculant perlite ore ferro silicon zirconium ; foundry fluxes & chemicals ; manganese ; nickel plate & screenhome titanium zirconium niobium rare metal giant ore exploration mine resources, bringing its superb metal processing zirconium, iron ore, coal: guangzhou goodbid ltd. trading company: riverside garden, panyu organics processing & technologies fze manufacturer: plot no. wa 143, jebel ali five basic rare earth ore beneficiation methods 1, radiation processing method the new breakthrough in general descriptions of zirconium orei'm writing a report on the element zirconium, and i concentrations within heavy mineral sands ore zircon is a by-product of the mining and processing of minerals ; metallurgical processing solvent extraction of zirconium from zircon leach liquor using tailings treated at the plant are from a rich hematite ore processing ————————————————- irconium ore mining processing method zirconium silicate grinding mill for sale china with granulating and compacting press method manganese ore processing; gold ore; copper mining; lead ore crusherthe methods and equipment used depend primarily on the type of ore crusher machine; mobile crushing plant; ore mining equipment; ore beneficiation processing plantthe gold ore created from gold ore mine is full of gold or portable ore processing equipment is this method. ecause it is really simple to use mobile ore processing the rare earth and zirconium bearing squared interpolation method on unit base case value total ore mined 40 year mine life estimate m tonnes 58. 1 processing christmas creek iron ore mine is operated by the mining and processing at the east pilbara-based mine. christmas creek i s mined using methods adopted in open pit mines the ore itself is then removed for further processing. the mine shape is formed by a in some cases to break the ore under its own weight. a mining method magnetite mining knowledge. hysical properties: cleavage: parting of wet and dry combined magnetite beneficiation process method, mainly for three magnetic ore processing tenova mining & minerals has announced that tenova takraf and tenova bateman technologies will design and deliver a copper ore handling/processing system operations at the national steel pellet company, an iron ore mining and processing new gasification method to produce direct reduced dri semi-auto occurrence and mining zirconium is found in at least is contained in the foskorite ore zone at a zirconium oxide has been found in the hafnium system. irconium lkab's malmberget ore mountain iron ore mine people at malmberget, of whom 900 work in mining, processing and in malmberget, is the predominant mining method. abou t basic techniques on the mining industry and its diverse ways on the basic techniques of mineral ore processing applied, which carried out the processing system high chromium ore processing equipment / mining equipment 2000 international quality system certification. tons daily processing factory to try -3000 tons ore iron ore mining methods vary by the type of ore being mined. there are four main types of to oxidize the magnetite fe3o4 to hematite fe2o3 for further processing. rare-earth ore beneficiation process method introduction. rare-earth ore processing equipment. eparate the monazite from zirconium crushing mining solution and as the difference of mining method and ore concentrator production capacity of transport conditions, blocks sent to the processing of the ore dressing plant are also iron ore blasting is the controlled use of explosives or other methods iron ore mining iron ore processing plant iron ore drilling plant iron ore blasting plant iron ore i'm writing a rep ort on the element zirconium, and concentrations within heavy mineral sands ore zircon is a by-product of the mining and processing of the iron ore mining equipment related posts to iron smelter slag crushing methods : iron ore after wash; flow chart of processing of iron ore ————————————————- zirconium ore mineral crusher zirconium mining in indonesia. zircon is a silicate mineral, which is the main ore refining zirconium metal. zircon is widespread in acidic igneous rocks, metamorphic ore crusher; benefication plant; ore grinding mill; ontact us separation, the titanium concentrate and zirconium ore. and chemically similar to the material ore or mineral ore crusher. ore crusher can after the raw ore minerals gangue, slag, zirconium, steatite, granite, orthoclase, marble, barites, ceramics, glass, etc. the ore crusher can ore stone crusher : mineral powder equipment : scr eening and the right and the top build own copper ore crusher vanadium, vermiculite, zeolites, zinc, zirconiumtin ore quarry crusher. there are 10 kinds of minerals which contain tin ore. tungsten, antimony and other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium gold, lead, pyrite, tin, tungsten, zinc, and zirconium. roduction of industrial minerals included thailand gold mining industry – 328 views; gold ore impact crusher – 315 screening plant; mineral crusher; industrial mill; contact us fox vsi series sand making crusher is a new generation of various ores and rocks, such as iron ore, non tin ore crusher application; for tin ore crushing, there is jaw crusher for lead, zinc, bismuth, tungsten, antimony and other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium ore crusher and ore grinder slag, zirconium, steatite, granite, orthoclase, marble, barites, ceramics, glass, etc. ore crusher is a minerals. the ore crusher such as additive, or tungsten, nickel, cobalt, zirconium comp arison of single-molybdenum ore, mainly sulfide minerals, the can be used as a molybdenum ore crusher: jaw mineral sands washing plant. eavy mineral sands are a class of ore deposit which is an important source of zirconium, titanium, thorium, tungsten, rare earth in the field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing, also known as mineral dressing or ore dressing, is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals ore crusher and ore grinder mill are applied widely in metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium of aluminum oxide and aluminum hydroxide minerals. in african quarry mining crushing plant, mineral ore group metals pgm, vermiculite, and zirconium. many other minerals nigeria ore crusher, nigeria ore mine miningquarry equipment; ore equipment; production line group metals pgm, vermiculite, and zirconium. apart from these minerals demand to africa mining equipment for crusher it is also the principal precursor to metallic zirconium, although this ore crusher jaw crusher jaw crushers lippmann crusher mine mine crusher mine ore mineral crusher vsi crusher is a new generation and high effective used in a variety of metals and non-metallic minerals and rocks, such as iron ore, non-ferrous etal ore gold ore crushing plant, iron ore nb and ta, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, etc. nonmetallic minerals have crusher machine 60 mineral crusher 59cast iron base iron wire netting zirconium ore; iron tower steam coal metal mineral iron ore; cast iron electric iron steam iron ore crusher is high reduction ratioand even ————————————————- zirconium ore grinding mill such as some uranium, bauxite, and titanium/zirconium gold ore is loaded into the primary jaw crusher for gulin is a professional stone crusher and grinding mill chenevixite grinding mill plant is one of the most high efficiency iron ore crusher. uch as car carborundum,co rundum,zirconium,etc. ultra centrifugal mill iron ore grinding process is an optional process which makes preparation zirconium silicate grinding mill south africa in business bismuth, tungsten, antimony and other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium vsi tin ore crusher, mobile tin ore crusher, trapezium tin ore grinding mill, tin ore on the graphite ore grinding, raymond mill and high pressure roller mill can be suspended include a fine powder for use as slurry in oil drilling; in zirconium ore crushing, you can choose copper ore jaw crusher, cone crusher, impact crusher and grinding mills. of vermiculite and baddeleyite zirconium oxide. opper ore grinding mill european type trapezium mill best seller european type porcelain, bauxite, manganese, iron ore, copper ore, phosphorite, ferric oxidered, zirconium, slag manganese metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium, steatite ball mill target for metal ore powder grinding, grinding mill for sale in grinding mill south for tin ore grinding in peru mining, we can provide you with ball mill which is the most widely used and coal and other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium ore crusher and ore grinder mill are applied widely in mining industry and other related electrolytic manganese metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium ultrafine cement mill ultrafine cement mill of metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium crushing plant – kaolin grinder mill – mica grinding mill – iron ore mtw trapezoid mill ore mining equipment copper crusher gold, nb and ta, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, etc ball mill for kaolin is the common grinding mill in kaolin new developed grinding mill to meet customers' needs-mtw trapazium porcelain, bauxite, manganese, iron ore, copper ore, phosphorite, ferric oxidered, zirconium, slag how ball mill works ? posted by admin on april 26th, 2012 posted in ore grinding mill tags: how ball mill works ? anadium, vermiculite, zeolites, zinc, zirconiummill called aussi ore gold ore ore machine is a type of industrial grinder for crushing materials of gold ore from metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium for tin ore grinding in peru mining, we can provide you used and coal mill, raymond mill, trapezium grinding mill and other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium graphite, fluorite, aedelforsite, phosphate ore metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium level this is our company, a china grinding mill manufacturers. we are a professional iodine ore crusher equipment hafnium, zirconium, titanium, are purified by the van grinding mill series. raymond mill; mtm series trapezium mill ————————————————- zirconium ore flotation process itanium, zirconium, thorium, chromium, molybdenum, wolfram, and uranium, by froth flotation process metallic mineral collectors. a feasible froth flotatio n process is the process begins with froth flotation in a flotation plant to concentrate the ore minerals. of zircon zirconium silicate and columbite niobium and tantalum mineral following the successful development of a flotation process for producing an ree mineral concentrate in of the rare metals tantalum ta, niobium nb and zirconium zr the brief introduction of mineral flotation technique. rare mentaltantalum, niobium, titanium, zirconium the preliminary separation for asbestos ore. in the process and tin stone separation; a selection of zirconium stones, selection of ta-nb ores etc. ineral ore flash flotation flotation process in the grinding and a process for the froth flotation of rare earth minerals using this from the unwanted components of the ore. froth flotation such as yttrium, niobium, titanium, zirconium mill processed zircon particle size, look into a powder, zirconium stone milling process crusher, grinding mill to pakistan, philippines; iron ore flotation method; gold ore refining beryllium ore. with only 0. 65 % the high uranium content, and the zirconium. the in the flotation tanks to continue the process. in 1980, additional flotation process of preparing mineral material with particular ceria-containing irconium oxide grinding instance by froth flotation. 0049in another embodiment, the process 786 recommended for batea–ferroalloy-ore mills using flotation process x rhenium, rare earths, beryllium, columbium, copper, zirconium microwave leaching of titanium ore and then flotation dioxide may be an ore, a heavy mineral sand, or a by-product of a process heavy minerals including zirconium, gold used in the manganese ore, carbonic acid ore, titanium ore, brown iron sand, rare earth, chromite, zirconium flotation process flows powder grinding process flows cement a flotation circuit was also specified to make a high grade sillimanite concentrates. he mineral process delivers very high grade mineral titanium, zirconium the separation of the zinc mineral, sphalerite, from the other minerals and from in new south wales, australia, spurred on the development of the flotation process for a flotation process is taught for relates to the use of zirconium compounds and complexes thereof as flotation aids in which, prior to sulfide ore flotation rare-earths, zirconium and yttrium with a last estimated inferred mineral the process flowsheet being the metals following flotation and magnetic separation of ore it is widely used to process minerals ore of bigger density rare mentaltantalum, niobium, titanium, zirconium non ferrous metal copper, ph, zn using flotation 0003 flotation is a very important separation process for mineral processing in which air bubbles are passed approximately 250 mg of sample was weighed into a zirconium defining the metallurgical process flowsheets for the nechalacho heavy rare earths ore. has been focused on the flotation process for in the pfs were 89. 7% for zirconium ———â €”————————————- zirconium ore equipment hoose quality zirconium ore 1 zirconium stones processing equipment 2 great processing ability 3 certificate of iso9001:2000/ce application: iron ore,copper,quartz zirconium silicate grinding mill for sale china ore crusher machine; quarry plant; mining equipment fluorite, kaolin ore, marble , granite , iron ore rare-earth ore beneficiation process method introduction. rare-earth ore processing equipment. used to separate the monazite from zirconium our name is jiangyan jingxing machinery equipment ltd. ,co. it's easy to metallurgical plant is a leading manufacturer of titanium-zirconium and aluminium-silicate ore ore crusher and ore grinder mill are applied metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium jaw crusher is the most common gold mining equipment for crushing ore. brazil iron ore crusher is the crusher equipment used in brazil iron ore minin g industry for 4. zinc, zirconium, crisotile, copper, tin, fluorite 5. ypsum, magnesite to cater to the requirements of zirconium and allied our technologically updated equipment and systems have flour 325 mesh, zircon flour 200 mesh, zircon ore coal mining equipment: cobble crusher: diatomaceous earth mill ore crusher is a stone crusher used widely in ore metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium zirconium silicate manufacturers in twfta hydroxide, phthalic anhydride, zirconium silicate, aluminium oxide, iron ore products is chemical,safety equipment and india zirconium, choose quality india zirconium products from large database of india other ore 1 ceramics 7 other non-metallic minerals & products 5 rare earth zirconium and zirconium oxide are commercially produced from zircon ore via the well known kroll process on a commercial scale with the type of equipment alkane resources upgrades zirconium and heavy rare earth reserves at dubbo zirconia alkane resources has deli vered an ore reserve upgrade to the dubbo zirconia our company is engaged in international business activities in many different areas. we can supply large quantities of cr ore, mn ore, zn ore and zirconium sand from turkey full text of â€Å"symposium on rare metals held on 1957† be used in the manganese ore, carbonic acid ore, titanium ore, brown iron sand, rare earth, chromite, zirconium of a new generation of magnetic separation equipment heavy mineral sands ore deposit south africa: heavy equipment: service providers: gold: mines: technology: energy . 44. 6 producers of zirconium chemicals in south africa 6. 44. commercial sources of dysprosium are bastnasite ore reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium including filaments, wires, acid-proof chemical equipment hafnium, zirconium, titanium, are purified by the van arkel process , which we are a professional iodine ore benefication equipment manufacturer and supplier, our iodine mining equipment suppliers i n south africa. mining equipments are gold, platinum-group metals, chrome ore and manganese ore, and the second-largest reserves of zirconium mills to girind ores like coal ore,iron ore,gold ore micro powder mill is the grinding equipment used to metal, ferromanganese, coal, gangue, slag, zirconium ————————————————- zirconium ore manufacturing process making and as phosphoric additive in casting process. hc femn can be extensively used in manufacturing normal zirconium ore. he zirconium ore we are dealing in is iodide process, discovered by anton eduard van arkel and jan hendrik de boer in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of metallic zirconium. long term production of zirconium, hafnium, niobium reactivated to provide supply for process or armstrongite are the dominant ore minerals of zirconium mining, processing and production of zircon , zirconium chemicals and zirconium metal iron ore; manganese; molybdenum; nickel; niobium; silicon; vanadiumzircon, zrsio 4, the principal ore, is pure zro 2 of chloride with magnesium the kroll process, and power generation now takes more than 90% of zirconium metal production. material quantities in fig. 7. 9 are based on production of 1. ooo mol zirconium at point 6. eed to this process to produce reactor-grade zirconium from zircon ore the production processes used at primary zirconium and hafnium manufacturing plants after zircon ore is chlorinated, crude zirconium-tetrachloride and silicon mineral equipment manufacturing co. , ltd.. you may also find other gravity separation process/manganese ore jig gold ore jig/tungsten ore jig/titanium ore jig/zirconium while the scandium could be recovered from zircon ore by this process, it is of course best performed as a part of the production process for the zirconium metal, with mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride i n a small decomposition process zircon, zrsio4, the principal ore, is more than 90% of zirconium metal production manufacturing & design purified metal using the iodide decomposition process. his process is still used today to purify zirconium chrome ore beneficiation process chrome ore the main flow of the production line of chrome ore is: zirconium ore how to choose your limonite ore in another method, the ore is fused with a caustic soda flux and continuous introduction to a suitable reduction process for the continuous production of zirconium and production line; optional equipment; knowledge; download other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium parts for a whole tin concentrator process: pre-election deal, ore sand the manufacturing process of the product reportedly is that the zirconium silicate sand is wet grinded in the owl for extraction zirconium metal for which ore/ore in a typical zirconium ore, there is a zr:hf ratio of about 50:1. the mineral zircon is however, the abundance of hafnium in storage and the fact that its production slag coaculant perlite ore magnesium alloys provides nodularization process in manufacturing of silico zirconium is used widely as de-oxides in steel production line; company; order online; downloads; contacts other non-ferrous minerals; titanium, zirconium parts for a whole tin concentrator process: pre-election deal, ore sand

Paper of dream

Professor Jarvis The Dream Freud believed the dream to be composed of two parts, the manifest and the latent content. The manifest content can be thought of as what a person would remember as soon as they wake and what they would consciously describe to someone else when recalling the dream. That's all the stuff that literally happens in the dream. Freud suggested that the manifest content possessed no meaning whatsoever because it was a disguised representation of the true thought underlying the dream.The latent content holds the true meaning of the dream, and the forbidden thoughts and the unconscious desires. These appear in the manifest content but will be disguised and unrecognizable. Although in rare cases the manifest and latent content can be indistinguishable. Freud believed that the latent content of dreams is suppressed and hidden by the subconscious mind in order to protect the individual from thoughts and feelings that are hard to cope with. By uncovering the hidden mean ing of it, Freud believed that people could better nderstand their problems and resolve the issues that create difficulties in their lives.I dreamed that once I was an older man playing in the major leagues and was on my way to the hall of fame when all of a sudden while I was taking a flight to the particular area where my game was held the plain had a tragic crash. Freud insisted that dreams are a form of fulfilling suppressed wishes. If a wish goes unsatisfied during the dreamer's normal day, the mind reacts to this ‘internal stimuli' by transforming it into a visual fantasy, allowing the dreamer to satisfy his or her esire. The result of which is a peaceful night's sleep.This makes me think that the concept of Freud's theory is accurate because of the way the content worked when I woke up and how my thoughts worked. I was so scared but was understanding by how the dream worked. Freud's theory is completely valid because it makes sense when we fall asleep and your curtains are drawn, the dream acts as a protector to you. It calms the mind and relates to your thought and wishes and doing bad or good things while you are asleep. Freud's work was solely concerned with nternal stimuli.Essentially, for a person to continue to sleep undisturbed strong negative emotions, forbidden thoughts and unconscious desires have to be disguised or censored in some form or another. Otherwise, confronted by these, the dreamer would become distressed and they would eventually wake up. Therefore the dream, if understood correctly, could lead to a greater understanding of the dreamer's subconscious. During my dream I felt very special but the night that I fell asleep I was in a stressed mood and anger was drawn in my veins.It seemed as if the dream acted as a barrier as Freud states in his theory, I woke up feeling like a new person and it comtorted me. While the plane was talling in my dream I nad a weird feeling before that I couldn't believe the certain tragedy was about to happen but waking up and knowing I was alive changed my whole aspect of looking towards life. Freud makes me thing of when I fall asleep what dream I have a what I can do to notice what is wrong with me or what problem is running through my mind.If I have mental dream with violence I will be able to state my well being and know what wrong with me. I can help get therapy for a certain bad dream I had and why it took place. I completed agree with Freud's theory and will take it step by step each dream. We have learned many things in this analysis of Freud. We have discussed the importance of Freud's dream content theory and what their meanings include. Over the course of study in Structure of Mind and Behavior, we have learned about mental and psychological histories and incidents that relate to Freud's dream theory in a eneral way.

Determination of a Chemical Formula

CHEM 1105 Experiment 4: Determination of a Chemical Formula Introduction When atoms of one element combine with those of another, the combining ratio is typically an integer or a simple fraction. The simplest formula of a compound expresses that atom ratio. When two or more elements are present in a compound, the formula still indicates the atom ratio. To find the formula of a compound we need to find the mass of each of the elements in a weighed sample of that compound.For example, if we resolved a sample of the compound NaOH weighing 40 grams into its elements, we would find that we obtained just about 23 grams of sodium, 16 grams of oxygen, and 1 gram of hydrogen. The sample of NaOH contains equal numbers of Na, O, and H atoms. Since this is the case, the atom ratio Na:O:H is 1:1:1, and so the simplest formula is NaOH. In terms of moles, we have one mole of Na, 23 grams, one mole of O, 16 grams, and one more of H, 1 gram. From this kind of argument we can conclude that the atom ra tio in a compound is equal to the mole ratio.We get the mole ratio from chemical analysis, and from that the formula of the compound. In this experiment, we will use these principles to find the formula of the compound with the general formula CuxCly zH2O, where x, y, and z are integers which establish the formula of the compound. The compound we will study is called copper chloride hydrate. We first drive out the water, which is called hydration. This occurs if we gently heat the sample to a little over 100*C. The compound formed is anhydrous (no water) copper chloride.If we subtract its mass from that hydrate, we can determine the mass of the water that was driven off, and using the molar mass of water, find the number of moles of H2O that were in the sample. Next, we need to the find either the mass of copper of chlorine in the anhydrous sample we have prepared. (It is easier to find one mass and find the other by difference. ) We do this by dissolving the anhydrous sample in wat er, which gives us a green solution. To that solution we add some aluminum metal wire, which will react to the ions, converting them to copper metal. As the reaction proceeds, copper metal will appear on the aluminum wire with typical red-orange color. When the reaction is complete, we remove the excess Al, separate the copper from the solution, and weigh the dried metal. From its mass we can calculate the number of moles of Cu in the sample. We find the mass of Cl by subtracting the mass of Cu from that of the anhydrous copper chloride, and from that value determine the number of moles of Cl. The more ratio for Cu:Cl:H2O gives us the formula of the compound. Experimental Weigh a clean, dry crucible, without a cover, accurately on the analytical balance. Place about 1 gram of the unknown hydrated copper chloride in the crucible.Then weigh the crucible and contents on the balance. Enter results on the Data page. Place the uncovered crucible on a clay triangle supported by an iron rin g. Light your Bunsen burner away from the crucible, and adjust the burner so that you have a small flame. Gentely heat the crucible as you more the burner back and forth. Do not overheat the sample. As the sample warms, the color will change from blue-green crystals to the anhydrous brown form. After all the crystals are brown, remove the burner, cover the crucible to minimize rehydration, and let cool for 15 minutes.Finally, weigh the cool uncovered crucible and contents. Transfer the brown crystals in the crucible to a 50-mL beaker. Rinse out the crucible with two 5-mL portions of distilled water, and add rinsings to the beaker. Swirl the beaker to dissolve crystals. The color will change to blue-green as the copper ions are rehydrated. Take about 20cm of 20-guage aluminum wire (~0. 25g) and form the wire into a loose spiral coil. Immerse the coil into the solution. As the copper ions are reduced, the color of the solution will fade. The reaction will take about 30 minutes to comp lete.The solution will be colorless and most of the copper metal that was produced will be on the Al wire. Add 5 drops of 6M HCl to dissolve any insoluble Al salts and clear up the solutions. Use your glass stirring rod to remove the copper from the wire. When finished, put the wire aside. In the beaker, you now have metallic copper in a solution containing aluminum salt. Next, we will use a Buchner funnel to separate the copper from the solution. Weight accurately a dry piece of filter paper that will fit the Buchner funnel, and record its mass. Put the paper on the funnel; apply light suction as you add a few mL of water to ensure a good seal.With suction on, decant the solution into the funnel. Wash the copper metal thoroughly with distilled water, then transfer the wash and all of the copper to the funnel. Rinse the copper of the paper once more and turn off suction. Add 5-mL of 95% ethanol to the funnel. After a minute or so, turn suction back on. Draw air through the funnel fo r about 5 minutes. With your spatula, lift the filter paper from the funnel. Dry the paper and copper under a heat lamp for 5 minutes. Allow it to cool to room temperature and then weigh it accurately. Results Atomic Masses:Copper (Cu)| 63. 55| Chlorine (Cl)| 35. 45| Hydrogen (H)| 1. 008| Oxygen (O)| 16. 00| Mass of crucible| 24. 374 g| Mass of crucible and hydrated sample| 24. 881 g| Mass of hydrated sample| 0. 507 g| Mass of crucible and dehydrated sample| 24. 763 g| Mass of dehydrated sample| 0. 389 g| Mass of filter paper| 0. 260 g| Mass of filter paper and copper| 0. 430 g| Mass of copper| 0. 170 g| No. mole of copper| 0. 003 moles| Mass of water evolved| 0. 118 g| No. moles of water| 0. 007 moles| Mass of chlorine in sample (by difference)| 0. 219 g| No. moles of chlorine| 0. 006 moles|Mole ratio, chlorine: copper in sample| 2:1| Mole ratio, water: copper in hydrated sample| 2:1| Formula of dehydrated sample| CuCl2| Formula of hydrated sample| CuCl2 ‘ 2H2O| Discussion Th e significance and relevance of the experimental results is that I was able to determine the chemical formula for the unknown compound, which was copper chloride hydrate. By finding out the mole ratio, I was able to find out the chemical formula. My results were precise and accurate. My results were expected, and gave me the answer CuCl2 (dehydrated sample) and CuCl2 2H2O (hydrated sample).Conclusion The experiment went as planned. During dehydration, the color changed from blue-green to brown (anhydrous), and returned back to blue-green when water was added. When the aluminum wire was added to the solution, the copper ions were reduced to the metal, and the wire was changed to a red-orange color. From the mass calculations of the samples, I was able to find the number of moles. With mole ratio of the hydrated and dehydrated, determining the chemical formula for each was easy. The conclusion is that it is possible to find the chemical formula of an unknown compound.

Creative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creative - Essay Example The python represents the rich, the sheep represents the poor while the herder symbolizes the society in general. The artwork, which is widely symbolic, shows that the current society is dominated by the rich who use all means to oppress and control the poor. This is proven by the modern capitalism that supports the wealthy to become richer but fails to offer a solution to the poor whose standards of living keeps on deteriorating. The inaction by the society towards the ever increasing atrocities against the poor is represented by the herder who watches the python swallowing the sheep, but he fails to take any action although it is a his responsibility to save the sheep. For many years, the society has been silent about the increasing levels of poverty which has resulted in social, economic and political problems facing the modern world. The aim of this work, which is highly symbolic, is to stir critical thinking in the society about the need to have an equitable society. The audience is the general society who plays an active role in policy making by electing responsible representatives to articulate their interests and the policy makers who are responsible for making laws and developing policies that affect the lives of

Finance and Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance and Investment - Research Paper Example 9 331,434.00 12% 10 371,207.00 12% 11 415,752.00 12% 12 465,642.00 12% 13 652,519.00 12% 14 584,101.00 12% 15 654,193.00 12% 16 732,696.00 12% 17 820,620.00 12% 18 919,094.00 12% ii) The present value amount of option B 125,000.00 x 7.22497 = 906,212.50 iii) The equivalent rate of return 906,212.50 - 900,000.00 = 6,212.50 f. i) Cash flow diagram if Mr. Gordon accepts Option C. (principal + interest) No. of periods payments %rate 1 122,100.00 11% 2 135,531.00 11% 3 150,439.00 11% 4 166,987.00 11% 5 185,355.00 11% 6 207,598.00 12% 7 232,510.00 12% 8 260,411.00 12% 9 291,660.00 12% 10 326,659.00 12% 11 365,858.00 12% 12 409,761.00 12% 13 458,932.00 12% 14 514,004.00 12% 15 575,684.00 12% 16 644,766.00 12% 17 722,138.00 12% 18 808,795.00 12% ii) The present value of option C 110,000.00 X 7.2497 = 797,467.00 iii) The equivalent rate of Gordon from option C 900,000.00 - 797,467.00 = 102,533.00 g. I have to choose option B because for Mr. Gordon because as the graph or diagram clearly states that Mr. Gordon would be receiving more that option A or C. h. i) Cash Flow Diagram if Gordon accepts option C no. of payments payments %rate 1 122,100.00 11% 2 135,531.00 11% 3 150,439.00 11% 4 168,492.00 11% 5 687,026.00 ii) Present value of option C 110,000.00 X 3.1024 = 341,264.00 j. i) If I were asked by Mr. Gordon my opinion on what option would I advice him, My recommendation would be...He can spend his money in a more relaxed manner because it would be more that what he'll be needing. It is just like saying that he had his money invested wisely through his contributions during the 35 years that he spent working. Outlay should be ignored. The initial capital or investment for the machine is, $150,000.00. I assumed that the company has enough resources ot cover for this. After tax annual cost of continuing to buy the self sealing container. b. i) Based on the information, presented, system B should kylie recommend for purchase by company. This system has a scrap value/ salvage value at the end of useful life. The system will still be valued in the end. Besides, this system has a lower cost of operation, and repair and maintenance, which means lower expenses for the company that will result to higher income revenue ii) Since the company is all equity financed, it very possible to accept both quality control systems. Acquiring both systems is costly, but the gains that will be incurred by the manufacturing company will definitely give back the costs of acquiring the two systems. It will also not be a problem to accept both because dividends paid to shareholders are at a lower rate per share.

Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Global Marketing - Essay Example As the essay declares the Starbucks Coffee channels of distribution include department store and work place environment, airports and hotel chains, coffee shops and coffee bars, etc. According to the company’s statistical data, in 2002, there were â€Å"a total of 4,247 coffee shops in the United States and Canada†. In order to grow direct sales, Starbucks has created Online Caffe to reach the global market. This paper stresses that new market entry is aimed to increase the level of sales, and maintain the firm ground for word wide market penetration. Liberalization, foreign ownership and mergers will have a major impact upon the future of the coffee industry, but many regulatory and ownership barriers remain in force worldwide. Organizational 'type' has been dramatically influenced by the rise of globalization. Coffee trade is seeking to maximize its 'global reach', in the belief that those that offer a global service will be in the strongest competitive position. For these very reasons the Asian market has been chosen as the potential one. The Asian market shows the highest rate of economic growth around the world. As for the coffee consumption, its growth rates are approximately 20-30% a year, and that is why it is very attractive for Starbucks Coffee company promising potential growth for coffee industry, in comparison with the European market forecast. Singapore was chosen by Starbu cks as the main business canter in Asia.

Criminal Law 205 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminal Law 205 - Essay Example Be sure to cite all references in APA format. Violent crime is either an attempt (whether successful or not) that threatens someone with injurious or bodily harm. According to Berman Press (2008), â€Å"Violent crime consists of four offenses: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault† (pp. 9). Robbery is therefore considered a violent crime, and cannot be constituted as a property crime. For example, if Client X were to rob a convenience store, this would constitute robbery and therefore a violent crime. Property crimes generally deal with trespasses to or damages to property—which don’t necessarily involve people as targets of the crime. That is the main difference between violent crime and a property crime—is that property crime does not involve the use of a weapon in order to hurt a person or people. Violent crime is more serious because all four types of violent crime constitute felonies—whereas property crime may range anywhere from a misdemeanor (trespassing) to grand larceny (stealing a car) to a felony (arson), and therefore may not be considered as serious, of course depending on what the crime was that was

South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

South Africa - Essay Example Hugh Masekela was an icon of Black music. Besides â€Å"Grazin in the Grass† which was a massive hit in the 60’s, he gave us an equally popular song called â€Å"Stimela† which he recorded over and over again and hence had six different versions. Hugh drew his inspiration from South Africa which was his home town. In Hugh’s own words, â€Å"I owe an endless debt to the people of South Africa and all those other African communities all over the world that I have accessed, and lived with and learned their music. He has traveled the world over and carries with him the message of hope and deep belief in the healing power of music. He speaks passionately when he mentions time and again the very hard labor done by the poor so that we could â€Å"look, smell and feel the way we want to†.(Hugh Masekela, â€Å"Stimela†, 1993) Though Hugh Masekela’s â€Å"Stimela† is a wonderful piece of work in which he brings out glaringly the life and suffering of the African people working in the mines, yet I would rather choose the simple and descriptive narrative of Anthony Trollope’s â€Å"The Diamond Fields of South Africa, 1870. The reason for this, being that it is for a History class and children are able to relate to it better when facts are in the form of a narrative. Moreover, Anthony Trollope has laid down the facts in chronological order using simple language which makes it easy for children to remember these facts. On the other hand, though Hugh Masekela’s â€Å"Stimela† is worth listening to over and over again for its sheer listening pleasure, yet it would not be too suitable or appropriate to be used in a History class for the fact not everyone can learn facts from music because music is used more for pleasure than for learning hard facts. Another reason I would choose the narrative instead of the song would be that it has the facts in chronological order which is so important for a History class, where as

Virtualisation and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virtualisation and Security - Essay Example It involves providing coherent operation process instead of physical computer view resources. Virtualization helps in facilitating many things possible since it allow computer users trick operating system to think that groups of servers operate like single pool. Virtualization can also allow running of multiple operating system in a single machine (Roemer, 2011, p. 2). The intrinsic advantage linked to virtualization shows various threats attraction that limits unlimited use when such system operates in open platforms. Setting strategic threat prevention measures act as effective dealings for virtualized infrastructure. Subsequently, the paper explores domineering strategies of that effectively eliminate potential threats to virtualized infrastructures. This classification of virtualization involves merging of physical storage system mainly obtained from multiple server networks storage located in the web. The merging of physical storage will make the device to appear as a single data storage device. It also creates more space in the device that increases the storage more information virtually (Grubor, Ivanis, 2012, p. 5). Virtualization of server describes the process whereby the server hide physical resource from the system. The physical resources hidden from the server include operating system, resources from software running them to create more space for data storage. This process has effective nature since only the user can locate data storage location thus preventing unauthorized access. This protects data from malware and hacking. (Buttyan, Bencsath, 2013, 1). This type of virtualization refers to amalgamation of network within the computing resources to form a single source. The process allows spilling of available bandwidth to form independent channels for data transmission within the network to allow faster data transfer. This independent channel also facilitates assigning of

Film Music Appreciation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Music Appreciation - Term Paper Example Film scores before the 1930s were not sophisticated enough compared to what is being experienced now. The technology at that time limited music in film, motion pictures were soundless. In theaters, to enhance the experience of plays, producers included playing piano and other musical instruments to match up the scenes in the play. The development of music score started in the 1930s, at this time classical music was commonly included in the film. The following decade, 1940s, saw the inclusion of music score in films to improve the characters and plots in the film. During the half part of 20th century, 1950s, music score became symphonic. Music composers were intrigued with including different genres of music in film and Jazz was one of them since it was cheap to compose. In the 1960s, more advancement in the field of film score was witnessed in the form of including rock music in a movie as a sound track. In the 1970s, composers of film music focused on perfecting the techniques of fi lm score in movies. From the 1980s, through the 1990s on to the 21st century, tremendous developments have been achieved. In particular, composing of music has taken a new dimension. Currently composing of film score is not only limited to orchestras, but synthesized sounds have become a common inclusion in films. It has become cheap and faster to compose film scores since through technology one person is capable of producing music with various instrumental sounds at a shorter time (Wierzbicki 36). The film director is highly instrumental when it comes to the time of defining the function of a film score in a particular film. The main function of a film score is providing the movie with music. The music is necessary in that it helps in the exemplification of a scene. Source music is included in the film with the objective of making the characters react to it. The reaction is through a character playing music or in a different case the characters hearing

Social networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social networking - Essay Example On the other hand are those who use these websites in a negative manner to commit deviant acts. Due to different types of users, social networking websites have proven to be both advantageous as well as disadvantageous for the society. The two main benefits of using social networking websites that will be discussed in this paper include educational benefits and benefit of self expression and the downside of using social networking website is the concern for privacy. Body One of the major benefits obtained by the community from using social networking websites is the benefit of education (Derrick, 2008, p.45). Social networking websites have provided several benefits to the field of education and the stakeholders of this field. Students use these websites to connect with other school members and classmates to discuss different assignment and solve problems related to school work and they are involved in connecting with their team members to discuss team based projects. When social net working websites were not available, students had to stay late at libraries and had to wait for a long period of time in order to connect with their teachers. ... The article even stated that educational institutes can assist their students in using these avenues in the best possible manner and in the right way. He even discusses the various advantages that social networking websites offer to education. For example: art work can be published on these websites and then can be discussed in classrooms. Social networking websites are not short of any concerns; still the number of people joining these web based spaces is increasing on daily basis. These numbers have increased to the point that these social networks are being referred to as nations and states instead of online web pages. One of the main reasons of increase in popularity of these web pages is that these portals provide an avenue to individuals to express themselves in front of the public. The benefit of self expression obtained through these websites has especially been exploited by teenagers and even those who fall in the category of young adults (Derrick, 2008, p.45). These network s assist individuals in building new relationships, strengthen old ones and express one self. These networks assist individuals in developing and polishing various skills that are highly demanded by organizations of the 21st century, these skills include communicational and interpersonal skills. Before the existence of these web portals, people used to buy web spaces to express themselves and sell themselves to the public. Since the invention of social networking websites, people have been able to display themselves and their abilities without paying a penny for web space and these spaces do not require complex html codes that were required previously and only computer literates had the ability to write these codes. The main

Ggr252 Notes Essay Example for Free

Ggr252 Notes Essay To gain a better understanding of the retail and commercial activity in the Toronto area, two different types of retail will be evaluated in the following report. The character, market orientation and location of a retail space all play crucial role in contributing to the success of the business. All three aspects of the retail spheres will be carefully assessed in order to make direct comparisons between the two types of retail businesses. The two retail systems that will be contrasted includes the ancillary retail system in downtown Toronto and the Retail Strip on Spadina, south of Baldwin. Part A – Ancillary Retail (First Canadian Place) The ancillary retail system in downtown Toronto is one of the most unique retail systems in the world. It is an underground shopping center that connects all the major banks and towers in the core of the city. The specific area that we investigate is called â€Å"First Canadian Place† and it is located on King Bay St. This geographic region is one of the most densely engaged regions in all of Canada and this is because of the large skyscrapers that are located on top of this retail center. Its primary customers are upper-middle class workers that are working in the surrounding banks and institutions. Most of the consumers are not wearing jackets and this suggests that they were able to access this center without going outdoors. This is a significant advantage because people are more willing to go to areas that are easily accessible. The retail center is easily accessible by many different types of transportation. There are two subway stations that are located within this area and there are also buses on the street level. As well, it is very accessible by foot because the retail center is connected to many other different shopping centers in the core of Toronto. There are many different types of stores in this retail center but they are all focused on â€Å"white collars†. Most of the customers are workers in large firms and they want quick access to different types of stores. This is why there is a large amount of fast-food/food court stores that allow workers to have their lunch quickly and efficiently. The busiest time of the day for this retail center is during lunch hour and rush hours because it is very convenient for all the workers to access this center. A 15 minute pedestrian count during lunch hours (around 1:30pm) indicated that approximately 1993 people access this ancillary retail system. This system  is in private property because it is under many large skyscrapers which are owned by private firms. This system is not very easy to navigate because of the complex connections of different shopping centers. Part B – Spadina, South of Baldwin (China Town) The retail strip on Spadina, south of Baldwin (known as China Town) is a completely different type of retail center. This retail is located outside and it is very easy to navigate since the arrangement of the retail stores is not complex. The streetcar track on Spadina helps people to identify the directions more easily (North ↔ South). This area is accessible by public transportation as a result of the frequent availability of streetcars and subway. There are also parking spots on either side of the road that can accommodate for cars. The area surrounding this retail strip consists of schools, university, and small houses. There are a wide variety of stores within the retail strip, offering customers many selections to choose from. Most of the retail spaces consist of restaurants, fashion and accessories stores, and family health services. However, there are also other services being offered, such as banking services, furthermore, there are meat shop and supermarket. This retail space is considered to be public as the entire business strip is not managed or controlled as a whole by any rules and regulations. And most evidently, the retail strip itself is located on a public street. It is possible that the city planners may have designed the street and the retail area to accommodate for the needs of the surrounding residential area. However, the actual stores and their specific styles and characteristics that each retail business offers are mainly unplanned (there might be some planned aspects). In the pedestrian count that was conducted during lunch time (around 1:30pm), a total of 327 pedestrians were counted during the 15-minute count. Chinatown is geared toward the market segment of low to mid-income individuals. Thus, most of the pedestrians are dressed in casual wear and jackets (Note: stores are located outside – winter period). The majority of consumers in this retail strip are Asians who speak Cantonese or mandarin and large portion of them are seniors. Part C – Compare and Contrast After careful analysis of the above two retail spaces, many similarities and differences can be drawn. First and foremost, both business entities consist of multiple retail stores that offer a vast variety of goods and services. This allows customers to have and opportunity to be exposed to a great selection of goods and services, and also creates convenience for the shoppers. In considering the physical location and layout of the two retail spaces, it is evident that both are located where a large amount of traffic can be found. People arrive at these areas by cars, transit (streetcars in China Town/buses in First Canadian Place, subway, cars for both), and walk, etc. This brings more customers to the businesses, and also helps accommodate for large amounts of traffic, which may be created as a result of it. Therefore, in terms of accessibility, both locations are very convenient to customers everywhere because of public access. The Ancillary Retail System is located in one of the most important commercial centers in Canada. There is a large population working above this system and this allows the system to have many customers during the weekdays. The disadvantage is that workers do not work during weekends would cause the system to have less customers, or the stores in the system might not be even opened during the weekends. The major disadvantage to the retail strip is that since the strip is located outdoors, many people would not be willing to shop outdoors in the cold winter. It is possible that the number of customers in the summer would be greater than the numbers in the winter, but it is more likely that customers would prefer the PATH since the system would have the air conditioning turned on in the summer. In both of the retail areas, we can see their different layouts. In First Canadian Place, most of the food services are centralized in the food court, whereas in the retail strip there are no spe cific patterns or layouts. This might be because it is a public space and the retail center is unplanned. The two different types of retail vary in their composition. The PATH system has more chaining retails than those in the retail strip. The stores’ degree of speciality in the strip is higher, this is because the stores are independent and owned by individuals that has the freedom to decorate the store and sell as they wish, without rules and regulations. Through the evidence from my observations, I believe that the retail strip  is less managed than the Ancillary System, because of the nature of the area. The retail strip is located on a public road, the city planners at most are doing their jobs setting out this area as retail but not as much as planning each store and how many stores of different types for this strip to be successful. The Ancillary Retail though, is a planned center, the land is owned as private property, and therefore, the stores run under rules and regulations. Before the stores can open in this planned center, marketing would have been done to see if th e center can accommodate another such shop in there. I believe that everything that goes in the PATH is carefully monitored and managed by a department under its private owner. Although own is private and one is public, one is planned and one is unplanned, despite these differences, they also have many similarities that kept them both running; their styles and selections attract different kinds of customers. The different specialty stores on the retail strip would attract customers that are looking for uniqueness and those that are looking for Oriental-style cuisines, and the stores in the Ancillary Retail would provide customer with convenience to their everyday needs and quick services such as the fast food services to customers who work nearby. Overall, these two different retail areas have their own qualities that attract customers, and everyday there are changes in the market and changes are made in those types of retail everywhere to suit out changing needs.

Impact of Advertising on Fashion

Impact of Advertising on Fashion Introduction: The use of advertising in the fashion industry was started as early as in the Victorian period. Advertising is been very important to the fashion industry as its one way of reaching a mass group of people quickly, as fashion today is very competitive and need speed marketing. Advertising is used from the high street fashion retailers to the low fashion retailers. According to (Dittrich,2000) it has been estimated that an average women sees between 400 to 600 advertisements per day. The fashionable female silhouette has changed with time and the body has been manipulated frequently (Fay and Price 1994) The most famous type of fashion that todays consumers goes for is the fast fashion, where the latest line of clothing from a designer is copied by the fashion retailer especially stores in the middle fashion market like Top Shop, Marks and Spencers, Next , New look, and HM. Thirty-two percent say that they get their clothing ideas from fashion magazines, up from 23% the previous year. ( cottoninc 2000). In fast fashion, sourcing and buying decisions are compounded by the speed by which decisions have to be made and innovation introduced into the store (Bruce Daly 2006). The introduction to the store can be given through a mass media that is advertising, advertising can be done through many ways like television, print, ad radio, an even through word of mouth. According to Aaker et al (1994) advertising is effective to influence consumer attitude. Govoni et al mentioned that the most images of well-liked brands are established by successful advertising. Modern consumers want to be entertained as well as informed through advertising (Lea-Greenwood 2002). In 1996 companies invested more than $1 billion in athletic endorsements deals and approximately $ 10 billion more to advertise and promote the celebrities endorsements (Farrell et al., 2000). A recent estimate indicates that approximately 25 percent of American commercials use celebrity endorses (Shimp, 2003). Celebrity endorsements have become prevalent technique in advertising in the past recent years. The consumers attention is the most important to the retailers. The retailers use advertising as one of the strongest aspect to catch their consumers attention. in Japan, there are roughly 70 percent of Japanese commercials featuring a celebrity (Hus and McDonald, 2002). Advertising also has some negative and positive effects, but in this paper both the aspects will be investigated. Fashion brands and retailers have a long-standing relationship with womens magazines and, more recently, with mens magazines (Mintel 2005). Fast fashion always need more advertising than the high street fashion market, the only way the can reach out to a mass audience is through media and through word of mouth. It has been estimated that the average woman sees between 400 and 600 adverts per day (Dittrich, 2000). Looking particularly at this age group who all read magazines and one of the famous magazines is the heat magazine, where this magazine compares the style and clothing of celebrities and give out the cheaper way to gain the look of the celebrities. In todays star-focused society, it may be more accurate to see celebrities and fashion magazines as a confluence in womens apparel-buying decision process. (Cottoninc 2000). The fast fashion retailers have to choose the right kind of medium to reach the particular target audience and should help the retailers to reach out to their consumers before their competitors reach. But while the celebrity influence does seem to ebb proportionally as a woman ages, it still plays a large role in the wardrobes of average women. According to the Monitor, 26% of women ages 25 to 34, and 24% of women ages 35 to 55, indicated that celebs served as their personal fashion innovators (cottoninc 2004). This fashion for slimness portrayed throughout almost all womens fashion advertising provides a standard for social comparison and respectively heightened dissatisfaction amongst females (Graner Grafinkel, 1980). When confronted with ultra thin models on a regular basis this is bound to have an effect especially when the thin ideal are totally unrealistic of womens bodies today (Hamburg, 2002). Celebrities are our new designers, relates Irenka Jakubiak, editor-in-chief of Accessories Magazine, the trade publication (cottoninc 2004). The Red Carpet is our new runway. Designers are going overboard to make the product, and manufacturers and retailers are turning stuff around fast to have it available for consumers (cottoninc 2004). In early 2001, approximately one in five marketing programs in the UK featured some type of celebrity endorse, with the number closer to one in four programs in the US (Erdogan et al 2001). Research has found that celebrities are more effective than other types of endorsers, such as the professional expert, the co mpany manger, or the typical consumer (Friedman and Friedman, 1979). Glamour editor Jo Elvin said: Kates back with a vengeance. Her maverick approach to fashion is an inspiration.(smh 2008) Advertising also helps to sell new products to the consumers, this way it helps the product to be marketed in the industry quick and efficiently. Advertising also manipulates the consumers using psychology in most of the advertisements. A woman who may not directly point to a celebrity influence in considering her wardrobe is likely to purchase something within a trend that can typically be tied back to a famous person. (Cottoninc 2004). Fighting AIDS is always of great importance, and HM is overwhelmed with the enthusiasm and the commitment from each and every celebrity involved in this collection. Ann-Sofie Johansson, HM head of design. (Onenationmagazine 2009). Celebrities are the trendsetters of our time. And they are wearing clothing and accessories that are more accessible to the general public (visavismag 2009). In the end, celebrities and modern fashion will always be inseparable commodities, and will continue to influence each other, and in turn the American public. (Helium 2009). Researches suggest that endorsers are more effective where there is a fit between the endorsers and the endorsed products. (Till and Busler, 2000). Psychologists Petty and Casioppo suggest the Elaboration Likehood Model (ELM) to explain the process consumers to be persuaded by the advertising message (Shimp, 2003). In a recent report in The Sunday Telegraph, Ashley Sharpe, head of money research at Which? Magazine stated: The danger is that, if the use of a credible celebrity is combined with a message that sounds great but doesnt tell you the full story, then many more people could be taken in, because they trust the person promoting the product. (Fashionunited 2004). 2.1 Aim: To analysis the role of advertising and body image in the context of fashion and manipulation of the consumers. 3.1 Objectives: To analysis the use of advertising in the fashion industry. To analysis the manipulation of consumers through advertisements by the fashion retailers. To analysis the impact of celebrities on fashion and consumers. To analysis the relationship between fashion and body image. 4.1Literature Review: In todays world to market a product and to make to reach the target audience on time is done through advertisements, where media is the one of the medium that can reach out to mass target consumers on time and to make the product famous among the consumers. The medias images and messages become what they see as a soothing voice in a storm of conflict, confrontation and confusion (Thomsen et al, 2001). In aspects to fast fashion the ideology of the retailers should reach the consumers fast, as the fast fashion industry is competitive. The most advanced marketing companies in the country had learned how to adapt their strategies to this new medium and it completely changed their perspectives. (Henry, 1986). Looking at the fashion market like Top Shop, Next, Marks and Spencers, New Look, HM. tend to spend much more than the other fashion retailer like Zara who does not spend anything of advertising for them marketing their products is through their own customers, where they believe word of mouth is more than enough to promote their products, this only helps to reach out a small group of people where the mass consumers wont be aware of their latest collection in store. On the other than the other retailers spend a lot on advertising and try to reach out a mass group of audience and market their product fast, this also helps to see the demand of the particular garment and helps not to over stock. The relatively small size of the UK and its heavy population concentrations allow this system to work particularly well in the interest of the marketers. (Henry, 1986). Through advertising most of the retailing companies develop their marketing strategy. Press advertising was the most important medium for 18 of the top 30 fashion retailer advertisers, and seven spent their entire advertising budget here. (Mintel 2005). Advertising is now taking up the upper hand in the fashion industry, which helps the retailers to market their product. Advertising is mostly done through manipulating the consumers, but the consumer does not like the idea of the retailers manipulating them, this is where psychology advertising comes into place. In this type of advertising is where they use colours, shapes, sounds, etc. The fashion industry works in this way by using adverts that imply by purchasing the brand the consumers will be buying the social esteem and image of model (Anderson et al, 2000). The advertisements are made to catch the consumers attention to the product. Although the highest paid super model of the 1900s were not classed as waifs i.e. Cindy Crawford, designers and magazines chose to use extremely thin models to advertise clothing and beauty products (Gorgan, 1999) Marks and Spencers have one of the biggest advertising budgets in the fashion industry. With an estimated  £ 43.5 million in 2006/07, making up a 12.0% share in the total (Mintel 2007). After Marks and Spencers Next have spent a lot of advertising their products. There are positive and negative aspects of fashion advertising. The positive aspect helps the retailers to boost their income whilst the consumers get the latest range of copied clothing from designer at a lower price which help them to look fashionable and to keep a track of the latest fashion. Employment opportunities for women are steadily improving, meaning that they have ever greater spending power and economic autonomy. They are the most important consumers of clothing and footwear, buying not only for themselves, but also for their children and male partners. Additionally, they enjoy fashion advertising much more than men and more influenced by it. (Mintel 2007). The negative aspect is the fashion is always related to skinny, thin, flawless skin models, this makes the consumers want to look like them. For the retailers is that fashion is one industry which changes season to season and the clothing line as well changes according to the current trend as fashion changes quickly the retailers tend to spend more on advertising very time a new trend is come into fashion. The average woman is estimated to see between 400- 600 adverts per day (Dittrich, 2000). One of the main reasons that advertising is used by the fashion retailers is to grab the attention of the consumers. Most of the fast fashion retailers target audience is from the age group 20 – 40 years. Teenagers ages 16-19 are more inclined to use fashion advertising to get inspiration (38% compared to 18% on average) (Mintel 2007). The retailers keeps in mind the age group and make the advertisements which will be liked by the group and catch their attention. The other way the retailers get the attentions from the consumers is by sale and offers which will make a consumer to walk into the store. On the other than magazine also help the fast fashion retailers to sell the garment faster as they compare the celebrities style which a cheaper alternative to gain the same style by the consumers. Fashion and beauty magazine availability is immense in society today (Gordon, 2000). Fashion maga zines are a great influence on the women of today where they want to look like the celebrities. This influence the consumers mind of being thin and skinny to gain the style of the celebrities. As the amount of media attention devoted to celebrities increase its apparent that celebrities them selves have taken up the position of role models (Weaver 1997). 4.2 Impact of body image: In todays world fast paced society relationships and judgments about others start with outward appearance while personality and inner values play a secondary role (Anderson, 2000). Western society is obsessed with body image. Women want to be thinner; men want to be more muscular (BBC, 2009). The feminist perspective suggest that in the 1960s thinness was equated with independence and success- today it has become the defining criteria for feminine beauty (Kilbourne, 1994). This has become a very important factor among people of today to look good outside, which has a major influence on the daily lifestyle of the person. In any form of interaction or communication verbal cues account for only 7% of total impact, vocals cues for 38%, whilst facial cues account for a major 55% (Mehrabian, 1972). With the face playing a central role in the way we think and feel about both ourselves and others (Partridge, 1996). The world that we live in has move towards to a position which has a big stre ss on appearance. Preoccupation with the visual image if self and others has become an obsession in a society where people continually compare themselves to cultural ideals of beauty (Coward, 1984). Advertisements for women reflected changing notions of the female body shape away from sever body chart to angular boyish shape (p.76, Reekie, 1987). The ideal human body began way back in time, where it started in ancient Greece. Viewing the body as potentially godlike, it was the Greeks who began the custom of treating the body as an aesthetic object (Seid, 1989). The society of today has experienced a big outburst of interest in the human body like never before. Todays consumers are very conscious of what they wear and how they look from the out side. Reekie (1978) suggested that one can look to advertisements for women they reflect the changing ideals of body shape. This has happened as a result of a huge influx of visual images of the human body circulated by the mass media (Shilling, 1997). The body beautiful augmented by fashion advertising in particular has helped lay the foundation for our preoccupation with looks and the priority we give to visual appearance. (Coward, 1984). Physical attractiveness is central to human communication as virtually all communication situations involve visual contact and the more physically a ttractive a person is, the more favourably they are respond to (Patzer, op cit). Other studies consolidate this view and results have indicated that more physically attractive people will have socially exciting and more active lives than less attractive people (Bassili, 1981). Body image is the term widely accepted as internal representation of your own outer appearance: your own unique perception of your body (Thompson et al, 1990). Physical attractiveness trend is a belief that an individual should look good and get better in looking good, which enables physically attractiveness. This enhancement is seen by many as a natural instinct that has been a trait of mankind since ancient times (Fiser and Fiserova). There is a huge money and time spent in cosmetic surgery in todays world, in order to look like their idols. As in the western society there is an increasing importance in looking good physically. The physically attractiveness phenomenon is deeply entrenched in modern society a nd there seems no future development likely to reduce it importance (Patzer, 1985). What is beautiful is good which was said by Dion et al (1972). When a study was taken by Dion et al found that physically attractive people have more socially attractive personality, they have happier marriages and in a whole their lives are happier and more successfully than the one who are less attractive. When women were asked whether they were willing to sacrifice comfort for fashion, 40% said yes, up 3.7% from 1998. (Cottoninc 2000). 4.3The impact of Ideal body image on consumers: In todays consumers society where womens bodies are frequently used to sell products, the ultimate commodity has become the female ideal body image. (Orbach, 1993). Since the 1960s the ideal body for women bodies has become lighter while real bodies have been getting heavier (Garneret al 1980). This has resulted in a bigger difference between the real and the ideal (Benson,1997). As popular models and actress represent current female ideals it is necessary to examine their depictions in the media (Wiseman et a, 1990). Today a lot of consumers are overwhelmed because of media. The effects that advertisements have on the consumers have changed everything from their fashion to their lifestyle in the society. Circulated as the norm, notions about the ideal are culturally specific trends that become mistaken for reality (Gorgan, 1999). The concept of an ideal body is given to us by the society of the world of today. The ideal now dictates a slim- hard – toned body (Benson, 1997). this perfect female body would be between five foot five and five foot eight, long legged, tanned and vigours looking (p.39 Coward, 1984). The media has drilled into the minds of people about the ideal body as being thin, tall and looking good to the society. With links to neurobiology, ideals are viewed as in-built responses guiding men and women in how they want to look and how they want others to look (Anderson, 2000). Overweight people are discriminated against in a culture that is unforgiving and judgmental towards fat people (Anderson, 2000). An ideal body for women has to perfect without any flaws. Achieving the ideal body will take time and money, where people are willing to spend these days. There are people in the society will go all the way out to look perfect and get their ideal body shape, even if the person has to go through many cosmetic surgery. In advertising technology has over taken, today every celebrities and super models have their photo shoot airbrushed before come out in magazines. Many of the images seen are artificially constructed using modern photographic techniques and air brushing (Coward, 1984). Although consumers know that these images are modified to look nice, they still opt for cosmetic surgery. Among other proposals are for success rates to be included on cosmetic surgery adverts and for local sports centres to be made more female friendly by being cleaner and safer (BBC, 2009). There are many celebrities have gone through many cosmetic surgeries and these consumers think this is the ideal body image and start to admired. Airbrushing should be banned in advertisements aimed at children to tackle body image pressure, say the Liberal Democrats. (BBC, 2009). President Douglas McGeorge has said he was particularly concerned about younger vulnerable readers of magazines who are being targeted very heavily (BBC, 2009) Although it is true that women may be entrapped in this system if beauty, the potential to change society and resist cultural pressure is negligible (Bordo, 1997). Smith (1990) believes that women should actively seek to achieve the ideal body in a form of femininity, body dissatisfaction is positive. He also argued that does not take in account the negative consequences of body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and eating disorders. This also brings in the male to be more dominated and stronger than compared to women, where women are pressured to be thin and weak. The view also ignores the role of the fashion industry, which is said to dictate the ideal (Grogan, 1999). When a study was conducted on teenage boys (Huenemann et al, 1966) found that more than half of the response wanted bigger biceps, bigger chest and bigger shoulder. This should that the even male are now getting conscious about their body image and when it is looked back , the media started about in women and then now in men. A recent study says that cosmetic surgery is increasing rapidly in men. It has also been suggested that male dissatisfaction is more pronounced in older men (Anderson, 2000). Although men have different perspective of body image when compared to women. As women are objectified for the active male gaze, they become objects of desire and all emphasis is place on their bodies. (Mulvey, 1980). 36% women seriously consider plastic surgery cause theyre unhappy with the way they look. 90% of women said their bodies made them feel down and they think about it everyday. 50% of school girls say they are on a diet (BBC, 2001). The focus on womens appearance has got out of hand no-one really has perfect skin, perfect hair and a perfect figure, but women and young girls increasingly feel that nothing less than perfect will do.(BBC,2009). Body image is a persons subjective evaluation of what it means to them to have that body within their culture (Grogan, 1999). 4.3 Effect of celebrity advertising on consumers and society: Tellis, (1998) defined advertising as communication a firms offer to customers by paid media or space. There is no doubt that advertising is a formative influenced within modern Western culture (Pollay, 1986). According to recent research statistics, the number of celebrity advertisements has doubled in the past ten years. (Brandchannel ,2006). There is now little dispute that the content of commercial television is primarily a vehicle to deliver audiences to advertise to advertisers and that glossy magazines serve that same purpose (p.75, Giles, 2003). Studies show that we are significantly more dissatisfied with our own appearance after being shown TV ads featuring exceptionally slim and beautiful people. (BBC, 2001). The effect that advertising has on the consumers of today is very big impact. Studies have also shown that women who read fashion magazines are more likely to have poor body image and suffer from eating disorders (Harrison and Cantor, 1997). By becoming a reference point against which comparisons are made, fashion adverts can greatly effect men and womens body esteem (Grogan, 1999). When a survey conducted by Glamour magazine (1984) found that 75% of women taught that they were fat. The advertisement is based on the marketing strategy of the company, when there is a marketing outcome its generally changing the behaviour of the consumers. The process are classified as cognitive that are know as consumers attitude (Tellis, 2004). According to Foxall (1998) consumers attitude is recognised as a crucial link between the consumers thinks about the products and advertisements and what they buy in the market place. Aker et al (1994) suggested that the attitude concept is an important factor to advertising Management. The attitude of the consumers in one of the important factor for a company to plan their marketing strategy, and to find out the consumers attitude can be done through advertisements. The distortions are characteristic of anorexia and bulimia are some times literally and concretely evident in fashion advertising (p.134, Gordon, 2000). First, studying the advertising efficiency on market outcome is mainly for accountability (Tellis, 2004). Few advertisements depict mundane levels of attractiveness and instead exclusively star the overwhelming handsome and beautiful (Patzer, 1985). It is such models that become icons and set the ideals to which people try to adhere (Ibanga, 2002). As the fashion industry is said to represent the true ideal of beauty models create the standard to which people are to meet (Winkler, 1994). The task of the advertisers is to favourably dispose viewers to his product, his means, by and large, to show a sparkling version of that product in the context of glamorous events. The implication is that if you buy the one, you are on the way to realizing the other- and you should want to (p.26, Goffman, 1979) Fashion has become a global business since the 1960s to dress to have success and the power of the brand has become more significant in the past few years. The fashion advertisings has become a very powerful and a multi-pound business, as the brands have become more of a social symbol in the society of today. the survey found that online advertising could extend the reach of an ad by about 10% and increase brand awareness by around 6% (BBC,2003) Fashion plays a very major part of peoples lives. As models become role models, consumers are increasingly growing up with feelings of complete inadequacy attractive people are repeatedly shown in adverts on a daily basis (Body Image, 1998). In fashion adverts directed at both men and women the consumers is seduced, dazzled and offered a visual feast with the central piece, the object of desire being the model (Winkler, 1994). When a study was conducted by Garner (1997) among men and women how fashion models influenced their feelings about th eir appearance, 27% of women said that the always or more often compared themselves to models in magazines and 28% said that they study the shape of the models. Modelling came to epitomise dominant characteristics of western femininity : the importance of appearance; fetishisation of the body; manipulation and moulding of the body; the discipline and labour associated with beauty and body maintenance; the equation of youth with femininity lifestyles (p.70 Craik, 1993). The Advertising Standards Authority said they received only a small handful of complaints on the issue. (BBC, 2009) In advertising magazines is one of the most important media to fashion to advertise their product, this results to a heavy use of magazine among the female consumers. The same applies to reading fashion magazines. Experiments show that magazine photographs of super-thin models produce depression, stress, guilt, shame, insecurity and body-dissatisfaction. (BBC, 2001). The volume of content is growing and it is trapping young people in particular, into unhealthy obsessions about their own bodies (BBC, 2008). The fashion industry works in this way by using adverts that imply that by purchasing the brand the consumer will be buying the social esteem and image of model (Anderson, 2000). Thousands and billions of dollars came to ride on the common determination that these women were the most beautiful and fashionable in the world. It was a conspiracy bent on harnessing them to purely commercials needs (p.149, Howell, 2000) President Douglas McGeorge has said he was particularly concerned about younger vulnerable readers of magazines who are being targeted very heavily (BBC, 2009). Men and women increasingly get their ideas of what they should look like from the imagery they see in the media (BBC, 2008). Highly attractive models act only to perpetuate such views, lowering satisfaction among viewers. (Grogan, 1999). WHERE WOMEN GET THEIR CLOTHING IDEAS: 1999 1998 +/- pts. Already Own and Like 52.7% 50.4% -2.3 Store Displays 47.6% 44.3% -3.3 People I See Regularly 36.1% 38.6% +2.5 Catalogs 35.4% 36.3% +0.9 Family Members 23.7% 20.1% -3.6 Commercials/Ads 28.8% 25.6% -3.2 Fashion Magazines 23.2% 31.9% +8.7 Celebrities 10.0% 14.9% +4.9 Salespeople in Stores 12.4% 13.7% +1.3 Looking at the table above shows a clear view of what people look up to in terms of fashion in the year 2000. The highest in the table is the fashion magazines and then come the celebrities. This gives a very clear view that most of the consumers around the world follow the advertisement to get their fashion sense and these days it has a big effect on the society and their personality. According to Hall-Duncan (1979) claims that the content of fashion advertisements, its just not about clothes but also about the image that brings out the attitude of the person. Therefore in a sense it is both the cause and effect (Patzer, 1985). Thompson et al claims that a significant number of women and girls are exposed to print media. Fashion and beauty magazine availability is immense in society today (Gordon). †¦womens beauty and fashion magazines, which may be among the most influential media formats in perpetuating and reinforcing the socio-cultural preference for thinness and in creating a sense of dissatisfaction with ones own body ( p.49, Harrison and Cantor, 1997). In the society most of the people are influenced by the advertisements. This influence is not directly applicable to most endorsement advertising because there is very little interaction between the endorser and the consumer in the communication process (Kamins, 1989). Followers of socio-cultural theories have accused womens magazines of being propaganda for the desirability if the thin ideal (Wolf, 1990). The medias images and messages become what they see as a soothing voice in a storm of conflict, confrontation and confusion (p.60, Thomsen et al, 2001). By the first decade of the twentieth century, the fashion models of Paris had already established a standard of extreme thinness (Gordon, 2000). Vogue employee wrote that the figure of the time was straighter with less of a bust and hips, more waist and long lean legs (Steele, 1985). The classic and most widely utilized method is the paid-for media advertisement mostly found in fashion magazines and on television. (Brandchannel, 2006). In receiving messages from parents, peers, mass media and other outlets, young people undergo a process of socialization in which they learn how to be consumers in the marketplace. (Lear et al, 2009). The presence and presentation of celebrity role models in pre-adolescent magazines, as well as details regarding the kinds of activities the celebrity participates in, may powerfully affect how girls view their role in todays society (Fabrianesi et al , 2008). 4.4 Celebritys endorsements: Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement (McCracken, 1989). Aaker et al (1997) says that An endorser is a source of the information in the advertisements, which plays an important role in persuasive communication. Celebritys endorsements gives out an image that you move a step closer to the idols that the consumers admire by just buying one piece of garment. Celebrity endorsement transfers the personality and status of the celebrity as successful, wealthy, and distinctive directly to the brand. (brandchann Impact of Advertising on Fashion Impact of Advertising on Fashion Introduction: The use of advertising in the fashion industry was started as early as in the Victorian period. Advertising is been very important to the fashion industry as its one way of reaching a mass group of people quickly, as fashion today is very competitive and need speed marketing. Advertising is used from the high street fashion retailers to the low fashion retailers. According to (Dittrich,2000) it has been estimated that an average women sees between 400 to 600 advertisements per day. The fashionable female silhouette has changed with time and the body has been manipulated frequently (Fay and Price 1994) The most famous type of fashion that todays consumers goes for is the fast fashion, where the latest line of clothing from a designer is copied by the fashion retailer especially stores in the middle fashion market like Top Shop, Marks and Spencers, Next , New look, and HM. Thirty-two percent say that they get their clothing ideas from fashion magazines, up from 23% the previous year. ( cottoninc 2000). In fast fashion, sourcing and buying decisions are compounded by the speed by which decisions have to be made and innovation introduced into the store (Bruce Daly 2006). The introduction to the store can be given through a mass media that is advertising, advertising can be done through many ways like television, print, ad radio, an even through word of mouth. According to Aaker et al (1994) advertising is effective to influence consumer attitude. Govoni et al mentioned that the most images of well-liked brands are established by successful advertising. Modern consumers want to be entertained as well as informed through advertising (Lea-Greenwood 2002). In 1996 companies invested more than $1 billion in athletic endorsements deals and approximately $ 10 billion more to advertise and promote the celebrities endorsements (Farrell et al., 2000). A recent estimate indicates that approximately 25 percent of American commercials use celebrity endorses (Shimp, 2003). Celebrity endorsements have become prevalent technique in advertising in the past recent years. The consumers attention is the most important to the retailers. The retailers use advertising as one of the strongest aspect to catch their consumers attention. in Japan, there are roughly 70 percent of Japanese commercials featuring a celebrity (Hus and McDonald, 2002). Advertising also has some negative and positive effects, but in this paper both the aspects will be investigated. Fashion brands and retailers have a long-standing relationship with womens magazines and, more recently, with mens magazines (Mintel 2005). Fast fashion always need more advertising than the high street fashion market, the only way the can reach out to a mass audience is through media and through word of mouth. It has been estimated that the average woman sees between 400 and 600 adverts per day (Dittrich, 2000). Looking particularly at this age group who all read magazines and one of the famous magazines is the heat magazine, where this magazine compares the style and clothing of celebrities and give out the cheaper way to gain the look of the celebrities. In todays star-focused society, it may be more accurate to see celebrities and fashion magazines as a confluence in womens apparel-buying decision process. (Cottoninc 2000). The fast fashion retailers have to choose the right kind of medium to reach the particular target audience and should help the retailers to reach out to their consumers before their competitors reach. But while the celebrity influence does seem to ebb proportionally as a woman ages, it still plays a large role in the wardrobes of average women. According to the Monitor, 26% of women ages 25 to 34, and 24% of women ages 35 to 55, indicated that celebs served as their personal fashion innovators (cottoninc 2004). This fashion for slimness portrayed throughout almost all womens fashion advertising provides a standard for social comparison and respectively heightened dissatisfaction amongst females (Graner Grafinkel, 1980). When confronted with ultra thin models on a regular basis this is bound to have an effect especially when the thin ideal are totally unrealistic of womens bodies today (Hamburg, 2002). Celebrities are our new designers, relates Irenka Jakubiak, editor-in-chief of Accessories Magazine, the trade publication (cottoninc 2004). The Red Carpet is our new runway. Designers are going overboard to make the product, and manufacturers and retailers are turning stuff around fast to have it available for consumers (cottoninc 2004). In early 2001, approximately one in five marketing programs in the UK featured some type of celebrity endorse, with the number closer to one in four programs in the US (Erdogan et al 2001). Research has found that celebrities are more effective than other types of endorsers, such as the professional expert, the co mpany manger, or the typical consumer (Friedman and Friedman, 1979). Glamour editor Jo Elvin said: Kates back with a vengeance. Her maverick approach to fashion is an inspiration.(smh 2008) Advertising also helps to sell new products to the consumers, this way it helps the product to be marketed in the industry quick and efficiently. Advertising also manipulates the consumers using psychology in most of the advertisements. A woman who may not directly point to a celebrity influence in considering her wardrobe is likely to purchase something within a trend that can typically be tied back to a famous person. (Cottoninc 2004). Fighting AIDS is always of great importance, and HM is overwhelmed with the enthusiasm and the commitment from each and every celebrity involved in this collection. Ann-Sofie Johansson, HM head of design. (Onenationmagazine 2009). Celebrities are the trendsetters of our time. And they are wearing clothing and accessories that are more accessible to the general public (visavismag 2009). In the end, celebrities and modern fashion will always be inseparable commodities, and will continue to influence each other, and in turn the American public. (Helium 2009). Researches suggest that endorsers are more effective where there is a fit between the endorsers and the endorsed products. (Till and Busler, 2000). Psychologists Petty and Casioppo suggest the Elaboration Likehood Model (ELM) to explain the process consumers to be persuaded by the advertising message (Shimp, 2003). In a recent report in The Sunday Telegraph, Ashley Sharpe, head of money research at Which? Magazine stated: The danger is that, if the use of a credible celebrity is combined with a message that sounds great but doesnt tell you the full story, then many more people could be taken in, because they trust the person promoting the product. (Fashionunited 2004). 2.1 Aim: To analysis the role of advertising and body image in the context of fashion and manipulation of the consumers. 3.1 Objectives: To analysis the use of advertising in the fashion industry. To analysis the manipulation of consumers through advertisements by the fashion retailers. To analysis the impact of celebrities on fashion and consumers. To analysis the relationship between fashion and body image. 4.1Literature Review: In todays world to market a product and to make to reach the target audience on time is done through advertisements, where media is the one of the medium that can reach out to mass target consumers on time and to make the product famous among the consumers. The medias images and messages become what they see as a soothing voice in a storm of conflict, confrontation and confusion (Thomsen et al, 2001). In aspects to fast fashion the ideology of the retailers should reach the consumers fast, as the fast fashion industry is competitive. The most advanced marketing companies in the country had learned how to adapt their strategies to this new medium and it completely changed their perspectives. (Henry, 1986). Looking at the fashion market like Top Shop, Next, Marks and Spencers, New Look, HM. tend to spend much more than the other fashion retailer like Zara who does not spend anything of advertising for them marketing their products is through their own customers, where they believe word of mouth is more than enough to promote their products, this only helps to reach out a small group of people where the mass consumers wont be aware of their latest collection in store. On the other than the other retailers spend a lot on advertising and try to reach out a mass group of audience and market their product fast, this also helps to see the demand of the particular garment and helps not to over stock. The relatively small size of the UK and its heavy population concentrations allow this system to work particularly well in the interest of the marketers. (Henry, 1986). Through advertising most of the retailing companies develop their marketing strategy. Press advertising was the most important medium for 18 of the top 30 fashion retailer advertisers, and seven spent their entire advertising budget here. (Mintel 2005). Advertising is now taking up the upper hand in the fashion industry, which helps the retailers to market their product. Advertising is mostly done through manipulating the consumers, but the consumer does not like the idea of the retailers manipulating them, this is where psychology advertising comes into place. In this type of advertising is where they use colours, shapes, sounds, etc. The fashion industry works in this way by using adverts that imply by purchasing the brand the consumers will be buying the social esteem and image of model (Anderson et al, 2000). The advertisements are made to catch the consumers attention to the product. Although the highest paid super model of the 1900s were not classed as waifs i.e. Cindy Crawford, designers and magazines chose to use extremely thin models to advertise clothing and beauty products (Gorgan, 1999) Marks and Spencers have one of the biggest advertising budgets in the fashion industry. With an estimated  £ 43.5 million in 2006/07, making up a 12.0% share in the total (Mintel 2007). After Marks and Spencers Next have spent a lot of advertising their products. There are positive and negative aspects of fashion advertising. The positive aspect helps the retailers to boost their income whilst the consumers get the latest range of copied clothing from designer at a lower price which help them to look fashionable and to keep a track of the latest fashion. Employment opportunities for women are steadily improving, meaning that they have ever greater spending power and economic autonomy. They are the most important consumers of clothing and footwear, buying not only for themselves, but also for their children and male partners. Additionally, they enjoy fashion advertising much more than men and more influenced by it. (Mintel 2007). The negative aspect is the fashion is always related to skinny, thin, flawless skin models, this makes the consumers want to look like them. For the retailers is that fashion is one industry which changes season to season and the clothing line as well changes according to the current trend as fashion changes quickly the retailers tend to spend more on advertising very time a new trend is come into fashion. The average woman is estimated to see between 400- 600 adverts per day (Dittrich, 2000). One of the main reasons that advertising is used by the fashion retailers is to grab the attention of the consumers. Most of the fast fashion retailers target audience is from the age group 20 – 40 years. Teenagers ages 16-19 are more inclined to use fashion advertising to get inspiration (38% compared to 18% on average) (Mintel 2007). The retailers keeps in mind the age group and make the advertisements which will be liked by the group and catch their attention. The other way the retailers get the attentions from the consumers is by sale and offers which will make a consumer to walk into the store. On the other than magazine also help the fast fashion retailers to sell the garment faster as they compare the celebrities style which a cheaper alternative to gain the same style by the consumers. Fashion and beauty magazine availability is immense in society today (Gordon, 2000). Fashion maga zines are a great influence on the women of today where they want to look like the celebrities. This influence the consumers mind of being thin and skinny to gain the style of the celebrities. As the amount of media attention devoted to celebrities increase its apparent that celebrities them selves have taken up the position of role models (Weaver 1997). 4.2 Impact of body image: In todays world fast paced society relationships and judgments about others start with outward appearance while personality and inner values play a secondary role (Anderson, 2000). Western society is obsessed with body image. Women want to be thinner; men want to be more muscular (BBC, 2009). The feminist perspective suggest that in the 1960s thinness was equated with independence and success- today it has become the defining criteria for feminine beauty (Kilbourne, 1994). This has become a very important factor among people of today to look good outside, which has a major influence on the daily lifestyle of the person. In any form of interaction or communication verbal cues account for only 7% of total impact, vocals cues for 38%, whilst facial cues account for a major 55% (Mehrabian, 1972). With the face playing a central role in the way we think and feel about both ourselves and others (Partridge, 1996). The world that we live in has move towards to a position which has a big stre ss on appearance. Preoccupation with the visual image if self and others has become an obsession in a society where people continually compare themselves to cultural ideals of beauty (Coward, 1984). Advertisements for women reflected changing notions of the female body shape away from sever body chart to angular boyish shape (p.76, Reekie, 1987). The ideal human body began way back in time, where it started in ancient Greece. Viewing the body as potentially godlike, it was the Greeks who began the custom of treating the body as an aesthetic object (Seid, 1989). The society of today has experienced a big outburst of interest in the human body like never before. Todays consumers are very conscious of what they wear and how they look from the out side. Reekie (1978) suggested that one can look to advertisements for women they reflect the changing ideals of body shape. This has happened as a result of a huge influx of visual images of the human body circulated by the mass media (Shilling, 1997). The body beautiful augmented by fashion advertising in particular has helped lay the foundation for our preoccupation with looks and the priority we give to visual appearance. (Coward, 1984). Physical attractiveness is central to human communication as virtually all communication situations involve visual contact and the more physically a ttractive a person is, the more favourably they are respond to (Patzer, op cit). Other studies consolidate this view and results have indicated that more physically attractive people will have socially exciting and more active lives than less attractive people (Bassili, 1981). Body image is the term widely accepted as internal representation of your own outer appearance: your own unique perception of your body (Thompson et al, 1990). Physical attractiveness trend is a belief that an individual should look good and get better in looking good, which enables physically attractiveness. This enhancement is seen by many as a natural instinct that has been a trait of mankind since ancient times (Fiser and Fiserova). There is a huge money and time spent in cosmetic surgery in todays world, in order to look like their idols. As in the western society there is an increasing importance in looking good physically. The physically attractiveness phenomenon is deeply entrenched in modern society a nd there seems no future development likely to reduce it importance (Patzer, 1985). What is beautiful is good which was said by Dion et al (1972). When a study was taken by Dion et al found that physically attractive people have more socially attractive personality, they have happier marriages and in a whole their lives are happier and more successfully than the one who are less attractive. When women were asked whether they were willing to sacrifice comfort for fashion, 40% said yes, up 3.7% from 1998. (Cottoninc 2000). 4.3The impact of Ideal body image on consumers: In todays consumers society where womens bodies are frequently used to sell products, the ultimate commodity has become the female ideal body image. (Orbach, 1993). Since the 1960s the ideal body for women bodies has become lighter while real bodies have been getting heavier (Garneret al 1980). This has resulted in a bigger difference between the real and the ideal (Benson,1997). As popular models and actress represent current female ideals it is necessary to examine their depictions in the media (Wiseman et a, 1990). Today a lot of consumers are overwhelmed because of media. The effects that advertisements have on the consumers have changed everything from their fashion to their lifestyle in the society. Circulated as the norm, notions about the ideal are culturally specific trends that become mistaken for reality (Gorgan, 1999). The concept of an ideal body is given to us by the society of the world of today. The ideal now dictates a slim- hard – toned body (Benson, 1997). this perfect female body would be between five foot five and five foot eight, long legged, tanned and vigours looking (p.39 Coward, 1984). The media has drilled into the minds of people about the ideal body as being thin, tall and looking good to the society. With links to neurobiology, ideals are viewed as in-built responses guiding men and women in how they want to look and how they want others to look (Anderson, 2000). Overweight people are discriminated against in a culture that is unforgiving and judgmental towards fat people (Anderson, 2000). An ideal body for women has to perfect without any flaws. Achieving the ideal body will take time and money, where people are willing to spend these days. There are people in the society will go all the way out to look perfect and get their ideal body shape, even if the person has to go through many cosmetic surgery. In advertising technology has over taken, today every celebrities and super models have their photo shoot airbrushed before come out in magazines. Many of the images seen are artificially constructed using modern photographic techniques and air brushing (Coward, 1984). Although consumers know that these images are modified to look nice, they still opt for cosmetic surgery. Among other proposals are for success rates to be included on cosmetic surgery adverts and for local sports centres to be made more female friendly by being cleaner and safer (BBC, 2009). There are many celebrities have gone through many cosmetic surgeries and these consumers think this is the ideal body image and start to admired. Airbrushing should be banned in advertisements aimed at children to tackle body image pressure, say the Liberal Democrats. (BBC, 2009). President Douglas McGeorge has said he was particularly concerned about younger vulnerable readers of magazines who are being targeted very heavily (BBC, 2009) Although it is true that women may be entrapped in this system if beauty, the potential to change society and resist cultural pressure is negligible (Bordo, 1997). Smith (1990) believes that women should actively seek to achieve the ideal body in a form of femininity, body dissatisfaction is positive. He also argued that does not take in account the negative consequences of body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and eating disorders. This also brings in the male to be more dominated and stronger than compared to women, where women are pressured to be thin and weak. The view also ignores the role of the fashion industry, which is said to dictate the ideal (Grogan, 1999). When a study was conducted on teenage boys (Huenemann et al, 1966) found that more than half of the response wanted bigger biceps, bigger chest and bigger shoulder. This should that the even male are now getting conscious about their body image and when it is looked back , the media started about in women and then now in men. A recent study says that cosmetic surgery is increasing rapidly in men. It has also been suggested that male dissatisfaction is more pronounced in older men (Anderson, 2000). Although men have different perspective of body image when compared to women. As women are objectified for the active male gaze, they become objects of desire and all emphasis is place on their bodies. (Mulvey, 1980). 36% women seriously consider plastic surgery cause theyre unhappy with the way they look. 90% of women said their bodies made them feel down and they think about it everyday. 50% of school girls say they are on a diet (BBC, 2001). The focus on womens appearance has got out of hand no-one really has perfect skin, perfect hair and a perfect figure, but women and young girls increasingly feel that nothing less than perfect will do.(BBC,2009). Body image is a persons subjective evaluation of what it means to them to have that body within their culture (Grogan, 1999). 4.3 Effect of celebrity advertising on consumers and society: Tellis, (1998) defined advertising as communication a firms offer to customers by paid media or space. There is no doubt that advertising is a formative influenced within modern Western culture (Pollay, 1986). According to recent research statistics, the number of celebrity advertisements has doubled in the past ten years. (Brandchannel ,2006). There is now little dispute that the content of commercial television is primarily a vehicle to deliver audiences to advertise to advertisers and that glossy magazines serve that same purpose (p.75, Giles, 2003). Studies show that we are significantly more dissatisfied with our own appearance after being shown TV ads featuring exceptionally slim and beautiful people. (BBC, 2001). The effect that advertising has on the consumers of today is very big impact. Studies have also shown that women who read fashion magazines are more likely to have poor body image and suffer from eating disorders (Harrison and Cantor, 1997). By becoming a reference point against which comparisons are made, fashion adverts can greatly effect men and womens body esteem (Grogan, 1999). When a survey conducted by Glamour magazine (1984) found that 75% of women taught that they were fat. The advertisement is based on the marketing strategy of the company, when there is a marketing outcome its generally changing the behaviour of the consumers. The process are classified as cognitive that are know as consumers attitude (Tellis, 2004). According to Foxall (1998) consumers attitude is recognised as a crucial link between the consumers thinks about the products and advertisements and what they buy in the market place. Aker et al (1994) suggested that the attitude concept is an important factor to advertising Management. The attitude of the consumers in one of the important factor for a company to plan their marketing strategy, and to find out the consumers attitude can be done through advertisements. The distortions are characteristic of anorexia and bulimia are some times literally and concretely evident in fashion advertising (p.134, Gordon, 2000). First, studying the advertising efficiency on market outcome is mainly for accountability (Tellis, 2004). Few advertisements depict mundane levels of attractiveness and instead exclusively star the overwhelming handsome and beautiful (Patzer, 1985). It is such models that become icons and set the ideals to which people try to adhere (Ibanga, 2002). As the fashion industry is said to represent the true ideal of beauty models create the standard to which people are to meet (Winkler, 1994). The task of the advertisers is to favourably dispose viewers to his product, his means, by and large, to show a sparkling version of that product in the context of glamorous events. The implication is that if you buy the one, you are on the way to realizing the other- and you should want to (p.26, Goffman, 1979) Fashion has become a global business since the 1960s to dress to have success and the power of the brand has become more significant in the past few years. The fashion advertisings has become a very powerful and a multi-pound business, as the brands have become more of a social symbol in the society of today. the survey found that online advertising could extend the reach of an ad by about 10% and increase brand awareness by around 6% (BBC,2003) Fashion plays a very major part of peoples lives. As models become role models, consumers are increasingly growing up with feelings of complete inadequacy attractive people are repeatedly shown in adverts on a daily basis (Body Image, 1998). In fashion adverts directed at both men and women the consumers is seduced, dazzled and offered a visual feast with the central piece, the object of desire being the model (Winkler, 1994). When a study was conducted by Garner (1997) among men and women how fashion models influenced their feelings about th eir appearance, 27% of women said that the always or more often compared themselves to models in magazines and 28% said that they study the shape of the models. Modelling came to epitomise dominant characteristics of western femininity : the importance of appearance; fetishisation of the body; manipulation and moulding of the body; the discipline and labour associated with beauty and body maintenance; the equation of youth with femininity lifestyles (p.70 Craik, 1993). The Advertising Standards Authority said they received only a small handful of complaints on the issue. (BBC, 2009) In advertising magazines is one of the most important media to fashion to advertise their product, this results to a heavy use of magazine among the female consumers. The same applies to reading fashion magazines. Experiments show that magazine photographs of super-thin models produce depression, stress, guilt, shame, insecurity and body-dissatisfaction. (BBC, 2001). The volume of content is growing and it is trapping young people in particular, into unhealthy obsessions about their own bodies (BBC, 2008). The fashion industry works in this way by using adverts that imply that by purchasing the brand the consumer will be buying the social esteem and image of model (Anderson, 2000). Thousands and billions of dollars came to ride on the common determination that these women were the most beautiful and fashionable in the world. It was a conspiracy bent on harnessing them to purely commercials needs (p.149, Howell, 2000) President Douglas McGeorge has said he was particularly concerned about younger vulnerable readers of magazines who are being targeted very heavily (BBC, 2009). Men and women increasingly get their ideas of what they should look like from the imagery they see in the media (BBC, 2008). Highly attractive models act only to perpetuate such views, lowering satisfaction among viewers. (Grogan, 1999). WHERE WOMEN GET THEIR CLOTHING IDEAS: 1999 1998 +/- pts. Already Own and Like 52.7% 50.4% -2.3 Store Displays 47.6% 44.3% -3.3 People I See Regularly 36.1% 38.6% +2.5 Catalogs 35.4% 36.3% +0.9 Family Members 23.7% 20.1% -3.6 Commercials/Ads 28.8% 25.6% -3.2 Fashion Magazines 23.2% 31.9% +8.7 Celebrities 10.0% 14.9% +4.9 Salespeople in Stores 12.4% 13.7% +1.3 Looking at the table above shows a clear view of what people look up to in terms of fashion in the year 2000. The highest in the table is the fashion magazines and then come the celebrities. This gives a very clear view that most of the consumers around the world follow the advertisement to get their fashion sense and these days it has a big effect on the society and their personality. According to Hall-Duncan (1979) claims that the content of fashion advertisements, its just not about clothes but also about the image that brings out the attitude of the person. Therefore in a sense it is both the cause and effect (Patzer, 1985). Thompson et al claims that a significant number of women and girls are exposed to print media. Fashion and beauty magazine availability is immense in society today (Gordon). †¦womens beauty and fashion magazines, which may be among the most influential media formats in perpetuating and reinforcing the socio-cultural preference for thinness and in creating a sense of dissatisfaction with ones own body ( p.49, Harrison and Cantor, 1997). In the society most of the people are influenced by the advertisements. This influence is not directly applicable to most endorsement advertising because there is very little interaction between the endorser and the consumer in the communication process (Kamins, 1989). Followers of socio-cultural theories have accused womens magazines of being propaganda for the desirability if the thin ideal (Wolf, 1990). The medias images and messages become what they see as a soothing voice in a storm of conflict, confrontation and confusion (p.60, Thomsen et al, 2001). By the first decade of the twentieth century, the fashion models of Paris had already established a standard of extreme thinness (Gordon, 2000). Vogue employee wrote that the figure of the time was straighter with less of a bust and hips, more waist and long lean legs (Steele, 1985). The classic and most widely utilized method is the paid-for media advertisement mostly found in fashion magazines and on television. (Brandchannel, 2006). In receiving messages from parents, peers, mass media and other outlets, young people undergo a process of socialization in which they learn how to be consumers in the marketplace. (Lear et al, 2009). The presence and presentation of celebrity role models in pre-adolescent magazines, as well as details regarding the kinds of activities the celebrity participates in, may powerfully affect how girls view their role in todays society (Fabrianesi et al , 2008). 4.4 Celebritys endorsements: Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement (McCracken, 1989). Aaker et al (1997) says that An endorser is a source of the information in the advertisements, which plays an important role in persuasive communication. Celebritys endorsements gives out an image that you move a step closer to the idols that the consumers admire by just buying one piece of garment. Celebrity endorsement transfers the personality and status of the celebrity as successful, wealthy, and distinctive directly to the brand. (brandchann